鲁达 我们通常认为配置得当的Windows是安全的，事实真的是这样吗？今天让我们跟随本文作者一起深入了解Windows操作系统的黑暗角落，看看是否能得到SYSTEM权限。
作者将使用不同版本的Windows来强调任何可能存在的命令行差异，请牢记因为不同的操作系统和版本差异会在命令行中显现，作者试图构造本教程，以便它适用于Windows提权的最普遍的方式。
注：文章篇幅较长，阅读用时约10分钟。
必要文档补充：
Encyclopaedia Of Windows Privilege Escalation (Brett Moore)
Windows Attacks: AT is the new black (Chris Gates & Rob Fuller)
Elevating privileges by exploiting weak folder permissions (Parvez Anwar)
译者注：原文作者提到了meterpreter，我们可以把meterpreter比做sql注入利用的sqlmap，在得到meterpreter的shell后，可以输入命令getsystem，自动完成提权。
在t0-t3阶段，最初的信息收集方法
最开始是一个低权限的shell，这个shell可能是通过远程代码执行、钓鱼、反弹得到的。
在最开始的阶段，我们要快速收集一些基本信息来评估我们的环境。
第一步，找到连接的操作系统。
C:\Windows\system32> systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version" OS Name: Microsoft Windows 7 Professional OS Version: 6.1.7601 Service Pack 1 Build 7601接下来，我们将看到主机名和连接上的对应用户。
C:\Windows\system32> hostname b33f C:\Windows\system32> echo %username% user1现在我们得到了一些基本信息，然后列出其他用户的帐户，并在更详细的情况下查看用户信息。
这里会看到user1不是本地组管理员。
C:\Windows\system32> net users User accounts for \\B33F ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Administrator b33f Guest user1 The command completed successfully. C:\Windows\system32> net user user1 User name user1 Full Name Comment User's comment Country code 000 (System Default) Account active Yes Account expires Never Password last set 1/11/2014 7:47:14 PM Password expires Never Password changeable 1/11/2014 7:47:14 PM Password required Yes User may change password Yes Workstations allowed All Logon script User profile Home directory Last logon 1/11/2014 8:05:09 PM Logon hours allowed All Local Group Memberships *Users Global Group memberships *None The command completed successfully.以上是我们目前需要了解的关于用户和权限的全部内容。接下来我们要讨论的是网络信息，连接的设备，以及相应规则。
首先看一下可用的网络接口和路由表。
C:\Windows\system32> ipconfig /all Windows IP Configuration Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : b33f Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No Ethernet adapter Bluetooth Network Connection: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Bluetooth Device (Personal Area Network) Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 0C-84-DC-62-60-29 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Intel(R) PRO/1000 MT Network Connection Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-0C-29-56-79-35 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::5cd4:9caf:61c0:ba6e%11(Preferred) IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.104(Preferred) Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Saturday, January 11, 2014 3:53:55 PM Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Sunday, January 12, 2014 3:53:55 PM Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1 DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1 DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 234884137 DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . . . : 00-01-00-01-18-14-24-1D-00-0C-29-56-79-35 DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1 NetBIOS over TCPip. . . . . . . . : Enabled C:\Windows\system32> route print =========================================================================== Interface List 18...0c 84 dc 62 60 29 ......Bluetooth Device (Personal Area Network) 13...00 ff 0c 0d 4f ed ......TAP-Windows Adapter V9 11...00 0c 29 56 79 35 ......Intel(R) PRO/1000 MT Network Connection 1...........................Software Loopback Interface 1 16...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter 15...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter #2 19...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter #3 14...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-Interface =========================================================================== IPv4 Route Table =========================================================================== Active Routes: Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.104 10 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 127.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 On-link 192.168.0.104 266 192.168.0.104 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.0.104 266 192.168.0.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.0.104 266 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 192.168.0.104 266 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.0.104 266 =========================================================================== Persistent Routes: None IPv6 Route Table =========================================================================== Active Routes: If Metric Network Destination Gateway 14 58 ::/0 On-link 1 306 ::1/128 On-link 14 58 2001::/32 On-link 14 306 2001:0:5ef5:79fb:8d2:b4e:3f57:ff97/128 On-link 11 266 fe80::/64 On-link 14 306 fe80::/64 On-link 14 306 fe80::8d2:b4e:3f57:ff97/128 On-link 11 266 fe80::5cd4:9caf:61c0:ba6e/128 On-link 1 306 ff00::/8 On-link 14 306 ff00::/8 On-link 11 266 ff00::/8 On-link =========================================================================== Persistent Routes: Nonearp -A显示了所有可用接口的arp(地址解析协议)缓存表。
C:\Windows\system32> arp -A Interface: 192.168.0.104 --- 0xb Internet Address Physical Address Type 192.168.0.1 90-94-e4-c5-b0-46 dynamic 192.168.0.101 ac-22-0b-af-bb-43 dynamic 192.168.0.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff static 224.0.0.22 01-00-5e-00-00-16 static 224.0.0.251 01-00-5e-00-00-fb static 224.0.0.252 01-00-5e-00-00-fc static 239.255.255.250 01-00-5e-7f-ff-fa static 255.255.255.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff static这就使我们了解了活动网络连接和防火墙规则。
C:\Windows\system32> netstat -ano Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State PID TCP 0.0.0.0:135 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 684 TCP 0.0.0.0:445 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 0.0.0.0:5357 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 127.0.0.1:5354 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1400 TCP 192.168.0.104:139 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP [::]:135 [::]:0 LISTENING 684 TCP [::]:445 [::]:0 LISTENING 4 TCP [::]:5357 [::]:0 LISTENING 4 UDP 0.0.0.0:5355 *:* 1100 UDP 0.0.0.0:52282 *:* 976 UDP 0.0.0.0:55202 *:* 2956 UDP 0.0.0.0:59797 *:* 1400 UDP 127.0.0.1:1900 *:* 2956 UDP 127.0.0.1:65435 *:* 2956 UDP 192.168.0.104:137 *:* 4 UDP 192.168.0.104:138 *:* 4 UDP 192.168.0.104:1900 *:* 2956 UDP 192.168.0.104:5353 *:* 1400 UDP 192.168.0.104:65434 *:* 2956 UDP [::]:5355 *:* 1100 UDP [::]:52281 *:* 976 UDP [::]:52283 *:* 976 UDP [::]:55203 *:* 2956 UDP [::]:59798 *:* 1400 UDP [::1]:1900 *:* 2956 UDP [::1]:5353 *:* 1400 UDP [::1]:65433 *:* 2956 UDP [fe80::5cd4:9caf:61c0:ba6e%11]:1900 *:* 2956 UDP [fe80::5cd4:9caf:61c0:ba6e%11]:65432 *:* 2956以下两个netsh命令是在不同操作系统的命令示例。
netsh firewall命令只能从XP SP2和以上版本运行。
C:\Windows\system32> netsh firewall show state Firewall status: ------------------------------------------------------------------- Profile = Standard Operational mode = Enable Exception mode = Enable Multicast/broadcast response mode = Enable Notification mode = Enable Group policy version = Windows Firewall Remote admin mode = Disable Ports currently open on all network interfaces: Port Protocol Version Program ------------------------------------------------------------------- No ports are currently open on all network interfaces. C:\Windows\system32> netsh firewall show config Domain profile configuration: ------------------------------------------------------------------- Operational mode = Enable Exception mode = Enable Multicast/broadcast response mode = Enable Notification mode = Enable Allowed programs configuration for Domain profile: Mode Traffic direction Name / Program ------------------------------------------------------------------- Port configuration for Domain profile: Port Protocol Mode Traffic direction Name ------------------------------------------------------------------- ICMP configuration for Domain profile: Mode Type Description ------------------------------------------------------------------- Enable 2 Allow outbound packet too big Standard profile configuration (current): ------------------------------------------------------------------- Operational mode = Enable Exception mode = Enable Multicast/broadcast response mode = Enable Notification mode = Enable Service configuration for Standard profile: Mode Customized Name ------------------------------------------------------------------- Enable No Network Discovery Allowed programs configuration for Standard profile: Mode Traffic direction Name / Program ------------------------------------------------------------------- Enable Inbound COMRaider / E:\comraider\comraider.exe Enable Inbound nc.exe / C:\users\b33f\desktop\nc.exe Port configuration for Standard profile: Port Protocol Mode Traffic direction Name ------------------------------------------------------------------- ICMP configuration for Standard profile: Mode Type Description ------------------------------------------------------------------- Enable 2 Allow outbound packet too big Log configuration: ------------------------------------------------------------------- File location = C:\Windows\system32\LogFiles\Firewall\ Max file size = 4096 KB Dropped packets = Disable Connections = Disable最后，我们将简要地看一下在这个设备上的运行内容，比如计划任务、运行进程、启动服务和安装的驱动程序。
这将显示所有调度任务的详细输出，下面您可以看到单个任务的示例输出。
C:\Windows\system32> schtasks /query /fo LIST /v Folder: \Microsoft\Windows Defender HostName: B33F TaskName: \Microsoft\Windows Defender\MP Scheduled Scan Next Run Time: 1/22/2014 5:11:13 AM Status: Ready Logon Mode: Interactive/Background Last Run Time: N/A Last Result: 1 Author: N/A Task To Run: c:\program files\windows defender\M Scan -ScheduleJob -WinTask -RestrictPrivilegesScan Start In: N/A Comment: Scheduled Scan Scheduled Task State: Enabled Idle Time: Only Start If Idle for 1 minutes, If Not Idle Retry For 240 minutes Power Management: No Start On Batteries Run As User: SYSTEM Delete Task If Not Rescheduled: Enabled Stop Task If Runs X Hours and X Mins: 72:00:00 Schedule: Scheduling data is not available in this format. Schedule Type: Daily Start Time: 5:11:13 AM Start Date: 1/1/2000 End Date: 1/1/2100 Days: Every 1 day(s) Months: N/A Repeat: Every: Disabled Repeat: Until: Time: Disabled Repeat: Until: Duration: Disabled Repeat: Stop If Still Running: Disabled [..Snip..] # tasklist命令显示了正在运行的进程以及启动服务。 C:\Windows\system32> tasklist /SVC Image Name PID Services ========================= ======== ============================================ System Idle Process 0 N/A System 4 N/A 244 N/A c 332 N/A c 372 N/A wininit.exe 380 N/A winlogon.exe 428 N/A 476 N/A l 484 SamSs l 496 N/A 588 DcomLaunch, PlugPlay, Power 668 RpcEptMapper, RpcSs 760 Audiosrv, Dhcp, eventlog, HomeGroupProvider, lmhosts, wscsvc 800 AudioEndpointBuilder, CscService, Netman, SysMain, TrkWks, UxSms, WdiSystemHost, wudfsvc 836 AeLookupSvc, BITS, gpsvc, iphlpsvc, LanmanServer, MMCSS, ProfSvc, Schedule, seclogon, SENS, ShellHWDetection, Themes, Winmgmt, wuauserv audiodg.exe 916 N/A 992 EventSystem, fdPHost, netprofm, nsi, WdiServiceHost, WinHttpAutoProxySvc 1104 CryptSvc, Dnscache, LanmanWorkstation, NlaSvc 1244 Spooler 1272 BFE, DPS, MpsSvc mDNSRe 1400 Bonjour Service 1504 N/A 1556 N/A vm 1580 VMTools dwm.exe 1660 N/A ex 1668 N/A vmware-u 1768 VMUSBArbService TPAu 1712 TPAutoConnSvc [..Snip..] C:\Windows\system32> net start These Windows services are started: Application Experience Application Information Background Intelligent Transfer Service Base Filtering Engine Bluetooth Support Service Bonjour Service COM+ Event System COM+ System Application Cryptographic Services DCOM Server Process Launcher Desktop Window Manager Session Manager DHCP Client Diagnostic Policy Service Diagnostic Service Host Diagnostic System Host Distributed Link Tracking Client Distributed Transaction Coordinator DNS Client Function Discovery Provider Host Function Discovery Resource Publication Group Policy Client [..Snip..] # DRIVERQUERY有时是有用的，因为一些第三方驱动，即使是信誉良好的公司，也比瑞士奶酪上的洞多。这是可能的，因为ring0的利用是在大多数人的专长技能之外。 C:\Windows\system32> DRIVERQUERY Module Name Display Name Driver Type Link Date ============ ====================== ============= ====================== 1394ohci 1394 OHCI Compliant Ho Kernel 11/20/2010 6:01:11 PM ACPI Microsoft ACPI Driver Kernel 11/20/2010 4:37:52 PM AcpiPmi ACPI Power Meter Drive Kernel 11/20/2010 4:47:55 PM adp94xx adp94xx Kernel 12/6/2008 7:59:55 AM adpahci adpahci Kernel 5/2/2007 1:29:26 AM adpu320 adpu320 Kernel 2/28/2007 8:03:08 AM AFD Ancillary Function Dri Kernel 11/20/2010 4:40:00 PM agp440 Intel AGP Bus Filter Kernel 7/14/2009 7:25:36 AM aic78xx aic78xx Kernel 4/12/2006 8:20:11 AM aliide aliide Kernel 7/14/2009 7:11:17 AM amdagp AMD AGP Bus Filter Dri Kernel 7/14/2009 7:25:36 AM amdide amdide Kernel 7/14/2009 7:11:19 AM AmdK8 AMD K8 Processor Drive Kernel 7/14/2009 7:11:03 AM AmdPPM AMD Processor Driver Kernel 7/14/2009 7:11:03 AM amdsata amdsata Kernel 3/19/2010 9:08:27 AM amdsbs amdsbs Kernel 3/21/2009 2:35:26 AM amdxata amdxata Kernel 3/20/2010 12:19:01 AM AppID AppID Driver Kernel 11/20/2010 5:29:48 PM arc arc Kernel 5/25/2007 5:31:06 AM [..Snip..]在t4阶段，神秘艺术之WMIC
WMIC（Windows Management Instrumentation Command-Line，Windows管理工具命令行），是Windows最有用的命令行工具之一。
WMIC对于信息收集和渗透是非常实用的，而且输出内容有很多值得期待的地方。全面解释WMIC的使用将需要一个教程，由于格式化的问题，WMIC有些输出将很难显示。
下面列出两个文章，对于WMIC是非常值得阅读的：
- Command-Line Ninjitsu (SynJunkie)
- Windows WMIC Command Line (ComputerHope)
一些默认配置的Windows并不允许访问WMIC，除非是用户在Windows的管理组，从虚拟机测试来看，任何版本的Windows XP的低权限用户并不能访问WMIC。相反的，默认配置的Windows 7专业版和Windows 8企业版允许低权限的用户访问WMIC并查询操作系统版本。
这正是我们所需要的，因为我们正在使用WMIC来收集关于目标机的信息。关于WMIC的选项，列出了下面可用的命令行：
C:\Windows\system32> wmic /? [global switches] The following global switches are available: /NAMESPACE Path for the namespace the alias operate against. /ROLE Path for the role containing the alias definitions. /NODE Servers the alias will operate against. /IMPLEVEL Client impersonation level. /AUTHLEVEL Client authentication level. /LOCALE Language id the client should use. /PRIVILEGES Enable or disable all privileges. /TRACE Outputs debugging information to stderr. /RECORD Logs all input commands and output. /INTERACTIVE Sets or resets the interactive mode. /FAILFAST Sets or resets the FailFast mode. /USER User to be used during the session. /PASSWORD Password to be used for session login. /OUTPUT Specifies the mode for output redirection. /APPEND Specifies the mode for output redirection. /AGGREGATE Sets or resets aggregate mode. /AUTHORITY Specifies the for the connection. /?[:<BRIEF|FULL>] Usage information. For more information on a specific global switch, type: switch-name /? The following alias/es are available in the current role: ALIAS - Access to the aliases available on the local system BASEBOARD - Base board (also known as a motherboard or system board) management. BIOS - Basic input/output services (BIOS) management. BOOTCONFIG - Boot configuration management. CDROM - CD-ROM management. COMPUTERSYSTEM - Computer system management. CPU - CPU management. CSPRODUCT - Computer system product information from SMBIOS. DATAFILE - DataFile Management. DCOMAPP - DCOM Application management. DESKTOP - User's Desktop management. DESKTOPMONITOR - Desktop Monitor management. DEVICEMEMORYADDRESS - Device memory addresses management. DISKDRIVE - Physical disk drive management. DISKQUOTA - Disk space usage for NTFS volumes. DMACHANNEL - Direct memory access (DMA) channel management. ENVIRONMENT - System environment settings management. FSDIR - Filesystem directory entry management. GROUP - Group account management. IDECONTROLLER - IDE Controller management. IRQ - Interrupt request line (IRQ) management. JOB - Provides access to the jobs scheduled using the schedule service. LOADORDER - Management of system services that define execution dependencies. LOGICALDISK - Local storage device management. LOGON - LOGON Sessions. MEMCACHE - Cache memory management. MEMORYCHIP - Memory chip information. MEMPHYSICAL - Computer system's physical memory management. NETCLIENT - Network Client management. NETLOGIN - Network login information (of a particular user) management. NETPROTOCOL - Protocols (and their network characteristics) management. NETUSE - Active network connection management. NIC - Network Interface Controller (NIC) management. NICCONFIG - Network adapter management. NTDOMAIN - NT Domain management. NTEVENT - Entries in the NT Event Log. NTEVENTLOG - NT eventlog file management. ONBOARDDEVICE - Management of common adapter devices built into the motherboard (system board). OS - Installed Operating System/s management. PAGEFILE - Virtual memory file swapping management. PAGEFILESET - Page file settings management. PARTITION - Management of partitioned areas of a physical disk. PORT - I/O port management. PORTCONNECTOR - Physical connection ports management. PRINTER - Printer device management. PRINTERCONFIG - Printer device configuration management. PRINTJOB - Print job management. PROCESS - Process management. PRODUCT - Installation package task management. QFE - Quick Fix Engineering. QUOTASETTING - Setting information for disk quotas on a volume. RDACCOUNT - Remote Desktop connection permission management. RDNIC - Remote Desktop connection management on a specific network adapter. RDPERMISSIONS - Permissions to a specific Remote Desktop connection. RDTOGGLE - Turning Remote Desktop listener on or off remotely. RECOVEROS - Information that will be gathered from memory when the operating system fails. REGISTRY - Computer system registry management. SCSICONTROLLER - SCSI Controller management. SERVER - Server information management. SERVICE - Service application management. SHADOWCOPY - Shadow copy management. SHADOWSTORAGE - Shadow copy storage area management. SHARE - Shared resource management. SOFTWAREELEMENT - Management of the elements of a software product installed on a system. SOFTWAREFEATURE - Management of software product subsets of SoftwareElement. SOUNDDEV - Sound Device management. STARTUP - Management of commands that run automatically when users log onto the computer system. SYSACCOUNT - System account management. SYSDRIVER - Management of the system driver for a base service. SYSTEMENCLOSURE - Physical system enclosure management. SYSTEMSLOT - Management of physical connection points including ports, slots and peripherals, and proprietary connections points. TAPEDRIVE - Tape drive management. TEMPERATURE - Data management of a temperature sensor (electronic thermometer). TIMEZONE - Time zone data management. UPS - Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) management. USERACCOUNT - User account management. VOLTAGE - Voltage sensor (electronic voltmeter) data management. VOLUME - Local storage volume management. VOLUMEQUOTASETTING - Associates the disk quota setting with a specific disk volume. VOLUMEUSERQUOTA - Per user storage volume quota management. WMISET - WMI service operational parameters management. For more information on a specific alias, type: alias /? CLASS - Escapes to full WMI schema. PATH - Escapes to full WMI object paths. CONTEXT - Displays the state of all the global switches. QUIT/EXIT - Exits the program. For more information on CLASS/PATH/CONTEXT, type: (CLASS | PATH | CONTEXT) /?为了简化操作，我已经创建了一个脚本，可以在目标机器上使用WMIC提取以下信息：流程、服务、用户帐号、用户组、网络接口、硬盘信息、网络共享信息、安装Windows补丁、程序在启动运行、安装的软件列表、操作系统、时区信息。
通过各种标志和参数来提取有价值的信息，如果有人想要添加到列表中，请在下面留下评论。使用内置的输出特性，脚本将把所有结果写入可读的html文件。
脚本地址：
输出页面：
以上是今天的内容，大家看懂了吗？下期我们将继续分享Windows提权基本原理的相关内容，请大家及时关注。