鲁达 人教版初中英语语法专项讲练
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本套资料系针对人民教育出版社初中英语教材七年级、八年级、九年级共5册教材的语法知识点，按照词类、句类、时态等进行了归类总结，包含知识点讲解与配套练习。
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~ 动 词（实意动词） ~
- 动词有几类？
四类。实意动词、 (连)系动词、 情态动词、 助动词。
表示动作或状态的词叫作动词。
本节讲解 实意动词。
- 什么是实意动词？实意动词即是具有实在意义的动词。单词分类标志：v
实意动词有哪些类别？
一、按照“跟不跟宾语”来分
两种。及物动词 和 不及物动词
（一）、及物动词 单词分类标志：vt
本身意义不完整，须跟宾语共同构成动宾结构的动词叫及物动词。
He often plays baseball on weekends. 他经常在周末打棒球。
Thay played a joke on that boy. 他们跟那个男孩开了个玩笑。
（二）、不及物动词 单词分类标志：vi
本身意义完整，后面不需跟宾语的动词叫不及物动词。
He laughs. 他笑了。
Look! The boy is crying. 看！那个男孩在哭。
二、按照“作不作谓语”来分
两种。谓语动词 和 非谓语动词
（一）、谓语动词
在句中作谓语构成主谓结构的动词叫谓语动词。有时态和人称的变化。
We visited the Great Wall last year. 去年我们参观了长城。
He goes to school on foot every day. 他天天走着去上学。
They will come to the party if it doesn’t rain. 如果明天不下雨，他们就去参加聚会。
The Greens were having dinner at that time yesterday. 昨天这个时候格林一家在吃饭。
（二）、非谓语动词
在句中不做谓语的动词叫非谓语动词。无时态和人称的变化。
They plan to visit the Great Wall next week. 他们计划下周去参观长城。
We look forward to meeting you again. 我们期待着再次见到你。
Let the women go first. 让女士先走。
I will have my bike repaired. 我要去修自行车。
三、按照“可不可延续”来分 （ 具体讲解参见《时态-现在完成时》 ）
两种。延续性动词 和 瞬间动词
（一）、延续性动词
动作可持续进行的或状态可延续的动词叫延续性动词。
The old man lives in the countryside all the time. 那位老人一直住在乡下。
My brother has been in the army for a year. 我哥已经参军一年了。
（二）、瞬间动词
动作瞬间完成不可跟时间段的动词叫不及物动词。
The old man died three days ago. 那位老人三天前去世了。
My brother joined the army last year. 我哥哥去年参加的军。
- 实意动词的考点有哪些？
一、谓语动词的六字原则——“先时态、后人称” （ 具体讲解参见《句类-时态》 ）
1、初中英语7种时态有各自的谓语动词样式，须遵循“先时态、后人称”六字原则。
初中动词专项讲练 （版权所有侵权必究）
He plays (paly) basketball every morning.
先根据every morning可知，play 为经常性动作，使用一般现在时；后根据人称He，谓语动词应为plays。
He is playing (play) basketball now.
先根据now可知，play 为正在进行的动作，使用现在进行时；后根据人称He，谓语动词应为is playing。
He played (play) basketball yesterday.
先根据yesterday可知，play 为发生过了的动作，使用一般过去在时；（一般过去时省略人称考虑），谓语动词应为played。
He will play (paly) basketball tomorrow.
先根据tomorrow可知，play 为尚未发生的动作，使用一般将来时；（一般将来时省略人称考虑），谓语动词应为will play。
He was playing (paly) basketball at that time yesterday.
先根据at that time yesterday可知，play 为过去正在进行的动作，使用过去进行时；后根据人称He，谓语动词应为was playing。
He has played (paly) basketball for half an hour.
先根据for half an hour可知，play 为过去发生持续到现在的动作，使用现在完成时；后根据人称He，谓语动词应为has played。
He had played (play) basketball for three years by the end of last year.
先根据by the end of last year可知，play 为过去之前已经完成的动作，使用过去完成时；（过去完成时省略人称考虑），谓语动词应为had played。
2、初中英语7种谓语动词还有各自被动样式，须遵循“先时态、后人称”六字原则。
时态 | 主动 | 被动: be + 过去分词 | |
一般现在时 | play / plays | am / is / are | played |
一般过去时 | played | was / were | played |
现在进行时 | am / is / are playing | am / is / are being | played |
一般将来时 | will play | will be | played |
过去进行时 | was / were playing | was / were being | played |
现在完成时 | has / have played | has been / have been | played |
过去完成时 | had played | had been | played |
二、非谓语动词的“关键词”
无论哪种时态中，都会出现“非谓语动词”，也就是不做谓语的动词,样式固定。
非谓语动词有哪些形式？
三种： （一）不定式（to do或do）（二） 动名词 (doing) （三）分词 (doing 或done)
（一）不定式
有两种情况：to do 和 do
1、to do作主语
To get an injection is a little painful. = It is a little painful to get an jnjection.
To learn English is important for students. = It is important for students to learn English.
[注意] to do作句子的主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
常用结构转换：= It is adj (for sb) to do …
2、to do作宾语
I hope to hear from you soon. (主语I, 谓语hope, to hear from…作宾语。)
He found it difficult to get to sleep. (主语He, 谓语found, to get…作宾语,it为形式宾语。)
[注意] 常用结构：think/find /feel /make it + adj + to do sth
stop to do sth / stop doing sth
3、to do作表语
Her wish is to become a doctor. (主语Her wish, 系词is, to become…作表语。)
My dream is to fly to the moon one day. (主语My dream, 系词is, to fly…作表语。)
[注意] be + to do sth动词不定式作表语可以和主语的位置互换，且常表将来。
4、to do 或 do作宾补（常见关键词见后表）
Please ask him to come quickly. (ask的宾语为him, to come作补语。)
He made the baby cry. (made的宾语为the baby,cry作补语。)
[注意] 省掉to的不定式的句子变被动语态时，需要还原to .
The baby was made to cry.
5、to do作后置定语
Would you like something to eat? （to eat作something的后置定语）
I want a pen to write with. I want a piece of paper to write on.
[注意] 若构成的不定式的动词为不及物动词时，其后加上相应的介词。
6.to do作状语
He came here to get his book.
[注意] 作目的状语，常见用词come / go / leave …
He was glad to see his wife.
[注意] 作原因状语，常见用词sorry/sad/happy/ glad /afraid/ pleased …
He was too tired to walk on .
[注意] 作结果状语，常用结构too …to …, not …enough to …
7.疑问词 + to do
Can you tell me how to get good grades? = Can you tell me how I can get good grades ?
[注意] 宾语从句可简化为“疑问词 + to do”. 牢记what to do 和 how to do it.
to do和 do也有否定形式吗？
有。 在to do前加not。He told me not to come here. 在do前加not。Let him not go.
to do的to什么情况可以省掉？
to的省略和保留情况:
1、并列时，第一个to不能省，其余的to省掉。Edison’s mother taught him to write and read .
但两者有对比关系时，to都不能省略。I haven’t decided to go home or to go to the cinema.
2、省掉动词保留to。 Will you take a walk with me ? I’m glad to .
Would you like to join my birthday party ? I would love to . = I’d love to
（二）动名词
1.doing作主语
Reading in bed is bad for your eyes.
Finding work is difficult these days.
Eating vegetables helps a lot.
[注意] doing作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
It isn’t easy trying to climb the mountain. （It作为形式主语，trying to … 真正主语）
[注意] 常用形容词：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile等，
但important，essential，necessary等不能用于上述结构。
It’s no use trying to argue with him.
[注意] 常用句型为：①It is no use / useless/ useful / doing …
②It’s no good /great fun / doing …③It’s a waste of time doing …
2.doing作宾语
He finished writing the email.
We practice playing the guitar every day.
The book is well worth reading. (reading作形容词worth的宾语。)
3.doing作表语
Her hobby is playing volleyball.
The most important Easter tradition is giving each other Easter eggs.
4.doing 作定语
He sit by the swimming pool.
They study for the coming exam.
（三）分词
- doing现在分词
1.doing作宾补
I saw the boy playing in the street just now.
[注意] 现在分词常放在see, hear ,watch ,notice 等之后作宾补。
2.doing 作定语
Did you know the man talking to Tom? =Did you know the man who was talking to Tom?
[注意] 常放在被修饰词前，短语要放在被修饰词后面，相当于一个定语从句。
A sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping .
3.doing作状语
He came into the classroom, carrying a book.
[注意] 现在分词表伴随情况 。
- done过去分词
1.作宾补
I had my TV repaired last night. [注意] have /get +sth +done 表示请别人干某事
2.作定语
I found a broken window in the wall.
Have you ever read any books written by Luxun?
I met a boy called Tom on my way home.
[注意] 单词作定语，放在被修饰词前，短语作定语放在被修饰词后。
3.作表语
My cup is broken.
[注意] 过去分词作表语已经形容词化。
＊ 初中非谓语动词集锦 ＊
只跟to do | ||
|
|
|
只跟do | ||
let sb (not) do had better (not) do | make sb (not) do | why not do? will you please (not) do? |
既跟to do又跟do | ||
help sb do | help sb to do | help sb with (doing) sth |
只跟doing | ||
|
|
|
既跟(to) do 又跟 doing | ||
do表示做过 doing表示在做 ① see sb do see sb doing ② watch sb do watch sb doing ③ hear sb do hear sb doing ④ notice sb do notice sb doing ⑤ feel sb do feel sb doing | 无区别 like doing = like to do begin to do = begin doing start to do = start doing fail to do = fail doing 有区别 ① try to do 努力尽力做 try doing 尝试做 ② mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味着做 ③ (sb) need to do 人需要去做 (sth) need doing物需要被做 | to do表示未做 doing表示已做 ① forget to do forget doing ② remember to do remember doing ③ stop doing stop to do ④ go on to do go on doing ⑤ continue to do continue doing ⑥ regret to do / regret doing |
宁愿…而不… |
= be used for doing |
= sb be allowed to do |
三、主谓一致中的动词
1、就近、就远原则
（1）就近原则 ：多主语情况下，谓语动词同较近主语保持人称一致。
Eithe I or he ________(take) a dancing lesson after school.
远主语 近主语
Eithe he or I ________(take) a dancing lesson after school.
远主语 近主语
Either …远主语 or … 近主语 谓语就近
Neither his parents nor Tom _______( like ) junk food.
远主语 近主语
Neither Tom nor his parents _______( like ) junk food.
远主语 近主语
Neither …远主语 nor … 近主语 谓语就近
Not only my classmates but also my teacher ________(enjoy) listening to music.
远主语 近主语
Not only my teacher but also my classmates ________(enjoy) listening to music.
远主语 近主语
Not only …远主语 but also … 近主语 谓语就近
Not my sister but I _______(walk) to school every day.
远主语 近主语
Not I but my sister _______(walk) to school every day.
远主语 近主语
Not …远主语 but … 近主语 谓语就近
There _____(be) a book and some pens on the desk.
近物 远物
There _____(be) some pens and a book on the desk.
近物 远物
There be谓语就近 近物 and 远物
谓语就近
（2）就远原则：下列情况下，谓语动词同较远主语保持人称一致。
远主语 近主语 谓语就远
I along with my sister _______ (ride) to school on weekdays. 我和妹妹天天骑车去上学。
Jim, together with his classmates, _______(see) the film. 吉姆和他的同学都看过这部电影。
A woman with two children _______(come). 一位妇女带着两个孩子已经来了。
Everybody except you ______(look) down on me. 除了你，大家都看不起我。
Two boys besides the girl ______(know) about this news. 除了那个女孩还有两个男孩知道。
Nobody but two students ______(be) in the classroom. 除了两个学生教室里没有人。
John, rather than his roommates, ______(run) every day. 约翰,而不是他的室友,每天跑步。
My father, no less than I , ______(be) a base-ball fan. 我的父亲不亚于我也是个棒球迷。
Tom, as well as his parents, _____(go) shopping on weekends. 汤姆，还有他的父母周末购物。
Lily including her friends ____(go) to the party tomorrow. 莉莉包括她的朋友们明天去聚会。
续：三、主谓一致中的动词
2、意义一致原则
（1）定语从句中：谓语动词要与先行词保持人称一致。
I know the man who_____(be) talking to my father. 先行词the man为单数
I know the men who_____(be) talking to my father. 先行词the men为复数
（2）“what名词性从句”作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
What I want to say _____(be) just “ Take care!”.
（3） “(of) +名词”作主语时，谓语动词同名词保持人称一致。
Most of the water here ______(be) clean. 这里大部分的水是干净的。
80% cotton ______(have) been sent to America. 80%的棉花被送往美国。
Half of the apples ______(be) red. 一半苹果是红的。
（4）“ a number of”作主语时，谓语动词用复数；
“the number of”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
A number of ancient buildings _____ (be) destroyed in the war. 大量的古老建筑在战争中被毁。
The number of the visitors _____ (have) increased this year. 今年游客的数量增加了。
（5）集体名词指代“整体”时谓语动词用单数；
集体名词指代“成员”时谓语动词用复数。
My family ____(be) very poor when I was a little girl. 当我还是个小孩的时候，我们家很穷。
My family ____(be) all looking forward for your coming. 我们全家期待着你的到来。
[注意] 类似集体名词还有：class，police，public, group, team等词。
3、整体原则
（1）从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
When to leave _____(be) not been decided. 什么时候离开还没有决定。
Watching TV too much _____(be) bad for your eyes. 看电视太多对眼睛有害。
[注意] 如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句，谓语动词常用复数。
What he said and what he did _____(be) always different last night .
（2）如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时，谓语动词须用单数。
The novelist and poet _____(be) going to Europe next year. 那位小说家兼诗人明年去欧洲。
The novelist and the poet_____(be) going to Europe next year. 那位小说家和那位诗人…。
（3）表示时间、距离、金额、度量等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
10 minutes ______(be) enough. 十分钟足够了。
（4）加减乘除等数学运算，谓语动词通常用单数。
2 and 3 ______(be) 5. 二加三等于五。
（5）“the +姓氏s”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
The Blacks ______(enjoy) working in China. 布莱克一家人喜欢在北京工作。
（6）“the +形容词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
The young ______(like) listening to popular songs. 年轻人都喜欢听流行歌曲。
4、个体原则
（1） each，either，neither等修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Neither of us _____(have) been abroad. Neither answer _____(be) wrong .
（2）由some, any every, no构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Somebody ______(be)waiting for you at the school gate. 有人在学校大门口等你。
（3）glasses，shoes，trousers，pants，gloves等作主语时，谓语动词用复数；
前有量词短语时，谓语动词要与量词在单复数上保持一致。
Scissors _______(be) useful in our daily life. 剪刀在我们的生活中有用。
A pair of scissors_______(be) useful tool for a dressmaker. 一把剪刀是裁缝的有利工具。
（4）maths, physics, news …等词拼写似复数实为单数，谓语动词用单数。
Maths_____(be) my favorite subject. 数学是我最喜欢的学科。
（5）every ….and every …..或each…and each …作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman _____(be) busy at working. 每个人都在忙着工作。
四、动词意义辨析（ 具体讲解参见《词类-动词-动词辨析》 ）
- 试试看
练习（一）：请用所给动词的正确形式填空。
（一）
A: Did you l__________(see)the accident at noon yesterday?
B: Yes.I 2__________(travel) past the cormer near the school when it 3__________(happen)
A: It's terrible 4__________(see) it.The man on the motorbike hit the car and 5__________(fall) off the motorbike.
B: Luckily the policemen 6__________(hurry) there and stopped the traffic from 7__________(go). The ambulance 8__________(come),and the nurses 9__________(take) him to the hospital.
A: We'd better 10__________(not ride) too fast any more. It's dangerous.
（二）
Tom arrived at the bus station quite early for Paris. The bus for Paris would not leave until five to twelve. He saw a lot of people 1______(wait) in the station. Some 2______(stand) in line, others were walking around. There was a group of schoolgirls. Their teacher 3_____(try) to keep them in line. Tom 4______(look) around but there were no place for him to sit.
He walked into the station cafed（咖啡馆）. He looked up at the clock there. It was only twenty to twelve. He found a seat and sat down before a large mirror on the
wall.Just then, Mike, one of Tom’s workmates came in and sat with him.
“What time 5____(be)your bus?” asked Mike.
“There’s plenty of time yet.” Answered Tom.
“Well, I 6______(get) you some more tea then.” said Mike.
They talked while drinking. Then Tom looked at the clock again.” Oh! It 7______(go) backward（倒行）!” he cried. “A few minutes ago it 8______(be)
twenty to twelve and now it’s a half past eleven.
“You 9______(look) at the clock in the mirror,” said Mike. Tom was so sad, for the next bus was not 10______(leave) for another hour. Since then Tom has never liked mirrors.
（三）
I 1______ (be) here in Beijing for half a year now. Beijing is in the north of China, so it 2 ______ (be) quite cold in winter. It 3 ______ (snow) twice here. I’m going to have the first “White Christmas” in my life. It’s hard to believe, isn’t it? ---so warm in Australia and so cold here?
Thank you for the wonderful stamps! I’ve collected over three hundred Chinese stamps since I 4 ______ (come) here. I 5 ______ (send) some Monkey King
stamps to you. I think you will like them.
I 6 ______ (not like) swimming. Instead, I’m learning to skate on real ice! I have had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over. But I 7 ______ (learn) fast.
I have to 8 ______ (finish) this letter now. Ask Uncle John and Aunt Alice 9 ______ (bring) you to Beijing when they come in August. We 10 ______ (have) a
good time together then.
（四）
Bob and Jim once 1 ______ (work) in the same factory. One day, Bob 2 ______ (lend) Jim ten pounds, but then Jim 3 ______ (lose) his job and went 4 ______ (work) in another town without 5 ______ (pay) back the ten pounds.
Bob didn’t see Jim for a year, and then he 6 _______ (learn) from another friend that Jim was still in town and 7 ______ (stay) at a hotel, so he went there 8 ______ (see) him late in the evening. From the waiter at the desk downstairs, he knew which Jim’s room was and went up to look for him. When he got to the room, he saw Jim’s shoes near the door.
“Well, he must be in.” he 9 ______ (think) and knocked at the door. There was no answer.
“I 10______ (go) out in my boots,” answered a voice from inside the room.
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