鲁达 动名词
1.动名词形式：不定式：not动名词
1)通用餐：Seeing is believing。看到的是事实。
2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
4）否定式：not+动名词I regret not following his advice.我后悔没听他的劝告。
5）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+动名词
He suggested our trying it once again.他建议我们再试一次。
_____ ________ _________(know)English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2.动名词的句法功能：
1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。
2）作表语：In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
3）作宾语：要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid，excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’thelp, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent...(from),keep ...from, stop...(from）,protect...from, set about, be engaged in, spend...(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
4）作定语：通常表示用途
He can’t walk without a walking stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school?你们学校有游泳池吗？
三、分词
1、分词作定语
1）．作定语的及物动词分词形式为：V –ing; being + 过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用V –ing；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。例如：
The houses being built are for the teachers.
The broken glass is Tom’s.
I have never seen a more moving movie.
2）．作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：V –ing 和过去分词。V –ing 表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：
falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子
boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水
3）、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别
这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：
Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?
He is a man loved and respected by all.
Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.
现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：
Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students.
不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。如：
The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.
2、分词作状语
1）．分词作状语形式的选择
| 形式 | 意义 |
| V + ing (doing) | 与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生。 |
| having + V + ed(having done) | 与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，先于谓语动词发生。 |
| V + ed (done) | 与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。 |
| being + V + ed(being done) | 与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且与谓语动词同时发生，一般作原因状语置于句首。 |
| having been + V +ed(having been done) | 与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词发生。 |
2）．分词作状语的基本原则
分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。
3）．分词作状语的句法功能
分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。如：
Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间)
Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间)
Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因)
Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件)
The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)
4）．独立成分作状语
有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：Generally speaking … 一般说来
Frankly speaking … 坦白地说
Judging from … 根据……来判断
Considering … 考虑到……
To tell you the truth … 说实话