luda 一、定语在句子中说之前：空格中适当的单词I have a dog，[1]_ _ _ _ _ ears are long . I often walk it in the park，[2] _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _。 there was a time[4]_ _ _ _ _ _ We lived in an old house[5]_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ was locate I got angry with it . but now things have changed a lot . we live in a .[8]_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The dog has more freedom to enj
被修饰的名词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。EG1：The man who is talking to our English teacher is Tom’s father.
2.关系词的作用：
①放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用;
②在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致;
③指代先行词的作用，关系代词的含义就是先行词的含义，关系副词的含义等于介词+先行词的含义。
EG2：This is the factory where（in which）his father once worked.
这是我父亲曾经工作的工厂。
【解析】关系词where/in which 除了连接主句“This is the factory”与从句“his father once worked”外，还在从句中作地点状语，而且指代先行词，相当于in the factory.
EG3：We should do all that is useful to the people.
我们应该做一切有益于人民的事情。
【解析】关系词that除了连接主句“We should do all”和从句“is useful to the people”外，还在从句中作主语，而且指代先行词all。
3.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
EG4: Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
【限制性定语从句】
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（隐含意思：或许不止一个哥哥）
EG5:Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
【非限制性定语从句】
她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（隐含意思：她只有一个哥哥）
注意：
①限制性定语从句与主句之间没有逗号分开，非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开。有无逗号是区分它们的标志。
②注意定语从句的翻译：限制性定语从句翻译成“......的......”; 而非限制性定语从句翻译成两个句子。
③限制性定语从句是对现行词的修饰和限定，作宾语的关系代词可以省略；而非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充和说明，关系词不可以省略。
对比练习
1.I am reading Harry Porter, _________________is an interesting book. Key:which
2.I am reading the book ________________I borrowed from the library. Key：which / that
3.He failed in the exam, _______________made his parents angry. Key: which
4.He has two sons. Both of ____________ are teachers. Key:them
5.He has two sons, both of ____________ are teachers. Key:whom
定语从句考点2、关系代词与关系副词的基本性质
注意：
1）、选择哪个关系词取决于先行词的指代和关系词在定语从句中充当的句子成分。
2）、如何判断关系词（常是要填的空格）在句中充当什么句子成分：主要看定语从句中缺少什么成分，关系词就是什么成分。
考点对点练1.用适当的关系词填空
1.The App We Chat provides a networking platform__________communication is faster and easier. Key: where
2.Running man is such an funny reality show _______has the gravity to pull you in front of your television. Key:as
3.The old pictures bring them to the days ___________they spent together,_______ life was hard but happy. Key:that/which, when
4.Lenovo has produced a new laptop ______low cost will make it attractive to students.
Key: whose
定语从句考点3、whose 引导的定语从句
Whose引导定语从句时在从句中作定语用,后面必须接名词，先行词与后面的名词有所属关系；“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语；whose 的先行词常指人，但有时也可以指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“the+名词+of which或of which+the名词”。
EG5：The house whose windows are broken is mine. 【whose windows在从句中作主语】
=The house of which the windows are broken is mine.
=The house the windows of which are broken is mine.
EG6: He is the man whose car was stolen yesterday.
EG7: It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 【whose importance在从句中作宾语】
定语从句考点4、as 引导的限制性定语从句
as 引导限制性定语从句时，先行词可以是人，也可以是物，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语，常用于先行词有the same, such, so 修饰时；即用于“the same...as...与...一样, such...as..., so....as...像...一样的”结构。
EG8：I have never heard such stories as the teacher told. 我从未听过老师讲的这样的故事。
EG9：The library doesn’t look the same as it was ten years ago.
图书馆看上去和解放前大不一样了。
EG10：It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.
它是一本每一个男生都能够容易读懂的书。
注意对比：
EG11:This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand. 【定语从句】
这本书是用初学者都能读懂的那么简单的英语写的。
EG12:This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.
【结果状语从句】
这本书是用如此简单的英语写的，以至于初学者都能读懂。
小结：so/such.....that..... 表“如此......以至于.....”
so/such.......as.......表“像......一样的......”
定语从句考点5、介词+which/whom引导的定语从句
EG13: In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person who/whom she could turn to for help.
=In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.
EG14：We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
小结：先行词是物时，用“介词+which”引导定语从句；先行词是人时，用 “介词+whom”引导定语从句。
注意：介词的确定：
①根据与定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配来确定。
EG15.Wind power is an ancient source of energy _____ which we may return in the near future.
Key: to 【解析】由短语return to（回到，返回） 确定的。句意：“风能是一种古老的能量来源，在不久的未来我们就会重新使用它”；Which指代前面的先行词an ancient source of energy作为介词to的宾语。”
②根据与先行词搭配的具体含义来确定。
EG16: I am looking for my glasses, _________which I can’t watch TV clearly.
Key: without 【解析】句意：“我正在寻找我的眼镜，没有它我看不清电视”，根据句意可知应用“without（没有）”。
③定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配习惯。
EG17：He bought the car for more than $20, 000, _______ which his father was angry.
Key: with【解析】句意：“他用2万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气”。由“be angry with(对....生气) ”可知应用“with”。
④. 表示所属关系时，用of which/whom 引导定语从句。
EG18: Recently, I bought an ancient vase, the price ______which was very reasonable. Key: of
注意: the+ n. +of which(whom)可与whose+ n. 互换。
⑤. 表示整体与部分关系时，也用of which/whom 引导定语从句。
EG19: He has ten cousins, the youngest _____whom is very clever. Key: of
定语从句考点6、关系副词的用法
1.要用关系副词引导定语从句除了看先行词之外，一定要在句中作状语。
对比练习：
1.I will never forget the days ___________ I worked together with them.
Key: when/in which 【解析】现行词the days是表时间，而且；worked是不及物动词，后面不需接宾语，从句可以写成完整的句子“I worked together with them in the days.”,这就容易看出in the days在句中作状语；所以空格处应作状语，故用when/in which。
2.I will never forget the days ___________ I spent together with them.
Key: that/which 【解析】现行词the days是表时间，也可以看成是物，但是；spent是及物动词，后面需接宾语，从句可以写成完整的句子“I spent together the days with them .”,这就容易看出the days在句中作宾语；所以空格处应作宾语，故用that/which。
3.Huaihua is the city _____________ I was born.
Key: where/in which【解析】现行词the city是表地点，但是；was born是被动语态，后面不缺宾语，从句可以写成完整的句子“I was born in the city.”,这就容易看出in the city在句中作地点状语；所以空格处应作地点状语，故用where/in which。
4.Huaiua is the city______________ I have never visited before.
Key: that/which【解析】现行词the city是表地点，也可以看成是物；但是visited是及物动词，后面缺宾语，从句可以写成完整的句子“I have never visited the city before.”,这就容易看出the city在句中作宾语；所以空格处应作宾语，故用that/which。
5.The reason ___________she told us was not true.
Key: that/which【解析】先行词reason是表原因，也可以看成是表物，但是定语从句中told后缺直接宾语，所以空格处作宾语，故用that/which。
6.She didn’t tell me the reason ___________ she refused the offer.
Key: why/for which【解析】行词reason是表原因，而且定语从句中主语（she）和宾语(the offer)都不缺，所以空格处作原因状语，故用why/for which。
2、关系副词可以用 “介词+关系代词” 来代替。
When=in/at/on/during which where=in/at/on which why=for which
考点对练2：用适当的关系词或介词填空
1.I love my hometown ________which I feel proud. Key: of
2.The way ______ which he solved the problem is simple and effective. Key:in
3.Many young people, most of ________were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. Key: whom
4.Some experts think that reading is the fundamental skill upon_______school education depends. Keys:which
5.I will never forget the time __________ I spent my childhood in the country.
Key:when/during which
6.This is the reason _____________he was absent from the meeting. Key:for which/why
定语从句考点7、that与which的区别
1、只能使用that的情况：
1).当先行词是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代词时。
EG20: Do you have anything that is important to tell me?
2).当先行词被all, any, some, no, every, each等修饰时。
EG21: I have some books that are very good.
3).当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词(包括last, next等)所修饰时。
EG22: This is the first book that I bought myself.
4).当先行词被the very, the last, the next, the only，the same 等词修饰时。
EG23: This is the very book that I lost yesterday.
5).当先行词又有人又有物时。
EG24: I won’t forget the things and the persons that I saw.
2、只能使用which的情况。
1)、非限制性定语从句中。
EG25：Mary has a book, which is very precious.
2)、在介词之后，作介词的宾语时。
EG26：This is a house in which lives an old man.
考点对练3
1.Try to ask others if there is anything ______you can do to make their day better. Key:that
2.This is the most interesting film __________I’ve ever seen. Key:that
3.The only part of the meal__________I really liked was the dessert. Key:that
4.They will never forget the things and persons______ they’ve seen or heard of during their long journey. Key:that
5.The ancient city of Phoenix is a popular tourist attraction in China, _________dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period. Key: which
6.Which is the bike_________ you lost? Key: that
7.The two things of_________they felt proud were Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair. Key: which
定语从句考点8、as与which的区别
which与as一样，都可以引导非限制性定语从句，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中做主语，宾语或表语。
1).as可指其前后主句提到的事实或情况，因此引导的非限制性从句位置比较灵活，可
以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性从句只能位于主句之后。
EG27:As is known to all, fish can’t live without water.
EG28:Air, as we know, is gas.
EG29:She told me she won the match , which was a lie.
2).如表示“如同...那样，正如....一样”含义，常用as，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）=as is known to us, as often happens（正如常发生的那样）as is often the case（情况常常如此）as we can see（正如我们看到的一样），as is said above(如上所说)等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。
EG30:As is known to all, China is a developing country.
EG31:Kate was late for school , as often happened.
定语从句考点9、先行词the way后面的定语从句
The way作先行词时，关系词在句中作主语、宾语时，用that/which引导定语从句，作状语时用in which,这是由短语in the way(用这种方法)决定的；但是也可以用that引导，that还可以省略，这完全是语言习惯。
EG32：The way in which / (that) he solved the problem was very easy.
EG33: The way (that/which) he explained to us was very easy.
【此句中that/which可以省略是因为它们是作宾语】
三、定语从句应考技巧：
1、在语法填空题中，如果空格在句子的开头，则需考虑用连词，如果空格前面又有名词，则空格后的从句很可能是定语从句。
2、在语法改错题中，重点关注that与which的误用，关系代词与关系副词的误用，what误用为关系代词，非限制性定语从句中as与which的误用。
四、定语从句考点精练
(一)单句语法填空
1.【2021·新高考 I 卷改编 】Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place _______________you can sit down to rest your aching legs.
Key: where【解析】考查定语从句。句意：虽然在上山的路上，这是唯一不自然的事情，但它仍然突出了整个冒险，并且提供了一个你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的双腿的地方。分析句子可知空格后是定语从句，先行词是a place,空格处应作地点状语，故用where。
2.【2020·新高考Ⅰ卷】The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum 39 opened in 1759.
Key: which/ that【解析】考查定语从句。句意：“例如，Sir Hans Sloane 收藏的8万件物品形成了在1759年开放的大英博物馆的核心馆藏”；分析句子结构可知此处应填入定语从句的引导词,结合句意“于1759年开放”可知修饰前面的the British Museum,且在定语从句中作主语,故用关系代词which/that。
3.【2020·全国I卷】China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 63 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
Key:where【解析】 考查定语从句。根据结构可知,空格后面是一个句子,而空格前是一个名词。结合句意可知,空格后的句子是定语从句。利用定语从句的知识,可判断出用关系副词where。
4.【2020•全国Ⅲ卷 】In ancient China lived an artist 61 paintings were almost lifelike.
Key:whose【解析】考查定语从句。空格前后是两个独立的句子,缺少连接词,根据后面的paintings可知,我们需要填进去的词应该和paintings构成所属关系,填whose。
5.【2019·全国卷Ⅱ】Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,62. she opened with her late husband Les.
Key:which【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知此处是一个非限制性定语从句,且关系词在句中替代先行词the pet shop在从句中作宾语,故用关系代词which。
6.【2019·全国卷Ⅲ】They were well trained by their masters 64. had great experience with caring for these animals.
Key:who 【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知had great experience with caring for these animals为定语从句,修饰先行词masters,masters为人,故填who。
7.【2019·浙江6月卷】On the edge of the jacket,there is a piece of cloth 58. gives off light in the dark.
Key:which/that【解析】考查定语从句。分析句式可知,先行词是cloth,后面是定语从句,且在从句中作主语,故用关系代词that/which。
8.【2019·北京卷】The students benefitting most from college are those 9 are totally engaged(参与)in academic life,taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源).
Key:who/that【解析】考查定语从句的引导词。those作先行词时,关系代词一般用who;又因为that也可以指人,故填who/that。
9.【2018·北京】 She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.
Key:which【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。
10.【2018·天津】Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
Key:whose【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。分析句子，句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whose。
11.【2017·北京卷改编】The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. Key:that/which
12.【2017·江苏改编】In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. Key:whose
13.【2016·北京】I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise. Key:whose
14.【2016·江苏改编】Many young people, most of_________were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. Key:whom
15.【2016·浙江改编】Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ______ has been proved. Key:which
16.【2016·天津改编】We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ____ the weather may be better. Key:when
17.【2015·湖南改编】It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. Key:which
18.【2015·北京改编】Opposite is St.Paul's Church,___you can hear some lovely music. Key:where
19.【2015·江苏改编】The number of smokers, _____ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. Key: as
20.【2014·四川卷改编】Until now, we have raised 50.000 pounds for the poor children, ______ is quite unexpected. Key:which
21.【2018·全国I】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014_____showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. Key:that/which
22.【2018·全国II】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. Key:that/which
23.【2018·浙江】Many westerners ______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. Key: who
24.【2018·全国I】Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both,is not good for the health. Key:which
25.【2017·全国III】But Sarah, _______ has taken part in shows along with top models wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. Key:who
26.【2016·全国I】But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, _______ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. Key:when
(二)定语从句单句改错
1.【2020·全国卷II】Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.
【答案与解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：谢谢你的来信，你的信真正让我开心。分析句子，逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词your letter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故将what改为which.
2.【2020·全国卷III】Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.
【答案与解析】考查定语从句。句意：出于对妈妈好意的理解，我满怀感激地吃着妈妈提供的所有食物。这里含有一个定语从句，先行词是all the food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，可用that或which，先行词被all所修饰，只能使用that，不能使用which，且what不能引导定语从句，所以what改成that。
3.【2019·全国卷I】One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
【答案与解析】考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon表示时间在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。
4.【2019·全国卷III】In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.
【答案与解析】考查定语从句。先行词environment 在从句中做主语，指物，关系代词用that/which。故 把what改为that/which。
5.【2018·全国卷I】They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
【答案与解析】which改成in which或where 考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。
6.【2017全国卷Ⅱ】In their spare time，they are interestedin planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house. Key:that--which
7. [【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. Key:they--that/which
8.【2016·四川】The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite. Key:what--that/which 或去掉what
9.This is the longest train which I have ever seen. Key:which--that
10.Which we all know, swimming is a very good sport. Key:Which--As
11.I shall never forget those years which I lived in the farm which you visited last week.
12.The radio set which I bought it last week has gone wrong. Key:划掉it
13.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. Key:them--whom
14.The day will come which the people all over the world will win liberation. Key:which--when
15.They talked for about an hour of things and persons who they remembered in the school. Key:Who--that
16.He is a man of great experience, from who much can be learned. Key:who--whom
17.I have bought the same dress which she is wearing. Key:which--as
(三)定语从句语篇填空训练
There was a time [1]______I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak Engli this is the reason [2]________ my father forced me to join in a 30day training in an English club before I went to senior high I first came to the club，[3]______ I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go ，my guide [4]_______ teacher was Li Yang，communicated with me face to face，from [5]________ I gained some useful in also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each o I adapted to the life day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities [6]_______ we did.My father and the guide [7]_______ encouraged me to fall in love with English should be a I feel it interesting to learn English，into [8] _______ I put my entire energy.Every day I will read my words and passages aloud.In class I will join in English di I go to sleep，I will recall my passages，through [9]_______ I can memorize a large number of new words.[10]______ our English teacher says，“As long as we form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，we will conquer English sooner or later.”
答案1.when 2.why 3.where 4.whose 5.whom 6that/which 7.who/that 8.which 9.which 10.As