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【information什么意思】高考英语名词知识点梳理

无论是中考还是高考,名词都是重要的知识点,很多小伙伴到了高中后,初中的基本名词考点已经忘得差不多了。今天橙妈妈将对名词的复习分为两部分进行回顾。part1中学名词基本知识点综述;Part2高考常用名词考试形式分析

Part 1 初中英语名词详解

名词的种类

专有名词

国名、地名、人名、

团体、机构名称

普通名词

可数名词

个体名词、集体名词

不可数名词

抽象名词、物质名词

考点1:可数名词

一、基本用法

(1)可数名词后可以加­s或­es构成复数形式,用于表达超过“一个”的数的概念。

(2)只与可数名词复数连用的单词:few(几乎没有),afew(一些), many/a great many(许多)

(3)既能与可数名词连用也能与不可数名词连用的单词:some,any, a lot of/lots of, plenty of。例如:

There is some/a lot of milk in the bottle.

There are some/a lot of flowers in the garden.

二、名词单复数规则变化

规 律

例 词

①一般在词尾直接加s

book—books

chair—chairs

②以s, x,o, sh, ch结尾的单词通常在词尾加es

class—classes

box—boxes

brush—brushes

watch—watches

③以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y改i,再加es

但以元音+y结尾的词,则直接在词尾加s

family—families

factory—factories

key—keys

monkey—monkeys

④以o结尾的词,有生命的名词加es

但无生命名词则直接加s,如:

potato—potatoes

tomato—tomatoes

hero—heroes

radio—radios

zoo—zoos

⑤以f或fe结尾的词,改f或fe为v 加es

leaf—leaves

thief—thieves

三、名词复数的不规则变化

规律

例词

①变中间的元音字母

man—men,

woman—women,

foot—feet,

tooth—teeth,

child—children,

mouse—mice

②表示“某国人”的名词单复变化

(记忆口决:中日不变英法变,其余s 加后面。)

Chinese—Chinese

Japanese—Japanese

Frenchman—Frenchmen

Englishman—Englishmen

German—Germans

American—Americans

Indian—Indians

Australian—Australians

③单复数一样的名词

Chinese and Japanese 吃 sheep , deer and fish

如:

a Chinese -- two Chinese ,

a sheep -- many sheep

④ 有的名词只有复数形式

people, police, clothes, trousers , pants , jeans , scissors, shorts

⑤ 有的名词即可表整体,也可表成员

family, class, team, group

⑥由两个名词组成的名词词组,通常只变后面一个名词为复数;

注意:但如果前面名词是man或woman时,则两个名词都要变成复数

an apple tree—two apple trees

a girl student—many girl students

a man teacher—some men teachers

a woman doctor—ten women teachers

考点2:不可数名词

一、基本用法

(1) 不可数名词没有复数形式,不能与a/an或具体数字连用,但特指某物时可以与定冠

词the连用。

(2) 要表示一定的数量时,常与a cup of, a bottle of, a piece of 等量词连用,如a cup of tea

一杯茶; two bottles of water两瓶水

注意:区别two boxes of chalk与two boxes of apples。

(3) 只能修饰不可数名词的词有:alittle(一点),little(几乎没有),much/agreat deal of(许

多)

(4) 常考的不可数名词有:

food, drink (饮料),orange(橙汁), milk,rice, bread, meat(肉), chicken(鸡肉), pork(猪肉),beef(牛肉),work, homework,news(新闻) advice(建议),information(信息), weather(天气), Chinese(汉语), knowledge(知识)等

考点3:名词所有格

在英语中,有生命的名词及表示时间、距离、国家、城市的名词,常在词尾加’s 表示所属关系,叫做名词的所有格。翻译成:“的”。如:Tom’s bike (汤姆的单车)

名词的所有格

例词、例句

①直接在词尾加's.

Kate's bag, Children's Day, Women's Day

②以s结尾的名词所有格,在词尾加 '

Teachers' Day, students' books

③表示两人共同拥有的人或物,在后一个人名后加's

Lucy and Lily's mother (共同的妈妈)

④表示两人分别拥有的人或物,则两个人名后都要加's

Tom's and Jim's rooms (各自的房间)

⑤ 表某人的家、店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地名时,所有格后面的名词常常省略:

at the doctor's(在医务室);

at Tom’s (在汤姆的家)

⑥表示无生命名词的所有格,用of 表达

the door of the room, the color of the clothes

⑦双重所有格:用’s所有格/ 与 of 所有格相结合。

A friend of my father's

a book of mine

注意:

但是有些表示时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城市等无生命的名词,也可加's构成所有格:如: today's newspaper今天的报纸 eight days'holiday = an 8-day holiday八天的假期 five minutes'walk = a five-minute walk 五分钟的步行路程

【易混词辨析】

(1) sound,voice,noise

①sound “声音”,指耳朵能听到的各种声音。I heard the sound of the bell.

②voice “声音”,主要指人的声音。She has a beautiful voice.

③noise 指“噪音”。词组有:makea noise等。

(2) job,work

①job “工作”,是可数名词。

②work“工作”,可以作名词或动词;作名词表示“工作”时是不可数的;作名词表示“著作”时是可数的。

(3) a number of,the number of

① a number of 表示“大量的;许多”,谓语动词用复数。

如:A number of persons are playing chess.

② the number of 表示“……的数量”,谓语动词用单数。

如:The number of people in the room is 50.

(4) idea,advice

① idea 表示“主意”,是可数名词。如:agood idea 一个好主意

② advice表示“建议;忠告”,是不可数名词。如:apiece of advice

(5) news, information, message, instruction

①news 表示“新闻;消息”,是不可数名词。如:two pieces ofnews

②information 表示“信息;资料”,侧重信息的价值,是不可数名词。如: some information

③message 表示“消息;音信”,侧重信息的简短,是可数名词。常用词组:leave a message(留言);give a message to…(捎口信给……)

④ instruction 表示“说明;须知;教导”,是可数名词。如:some instructions

(6) house,family, home

① house 表示“住宅”,指的是具体的房子或建筑物。

② family 表示“家;家庭”,也可指全体家庭成员。

③ home 意为“家”,带有眷恋等感情色彩。

(7) 部分单词作可数名词和不可数名词时的含义不同:

room 房间(可数);空间(不可数)。 glass玻璃杯(可数);玻璃(不可数)。

orange橙子(可数);橙汁(不可数)。 chicken小鸡(可数);鸡肉(不可数)。

time 次数(可数);时间(不可数)。

Part2高考常见名词形式

高考对名词的考查主要体现在名词的词性转换上,即动词与名词或形容词与名词之间的转换,这一考点主要出现在语法填空中;而对名词单复数的考查则会出现在语法填空和短文改错中;另外短文改错还涉及对不可数名词的考查,现结合高考题,探究解题技巧。

技法一 分析句子成分,确定词性转换

(1)如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名词形式;

(2)如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰要考虑名词形式;

(3)在平时学习中储备构词法知识,并根据需要变成名词形式。

[例1] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her _________(educate).

[分析] education 前面有形容词性物主代词her,此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。

[例2] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Chengduhas dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, andfancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ________(attract).

[分析] attraction 第二句句意:但是对于像“我”这样的游客来说,大熊猫是最吸引人的东西。此处作表语且前面有形容词性物主代词its,故应填名词attraction,意为“吸引人之物,诱惑物”。

[例3] (2016·全国卷Ⅲ) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the ________ (develop) of chopsticks.

[分析] development 根据空格前面的the和空格后面的of可知,此处需要填名词。

构词法补充

构词法——名词

名词在英语学习中很重要,在词类中占的比例也很大,而且有些词,如动词、形容词等通过形式上的变化会成为名词。下面是动词变名词时主要的几种后缀。

(1)后加­(t)ion,表示“行为或状态”。如action,collection,suggestion,invitation,information,instruction,exhibition,attraction,pollution,solution等。

(2)后加­ment,表示“行为或结果”。如achievement,management,amusement,requirement,statement,development,equipment,disagreement,advertisement,appointment等。

(3)后加­er/or,表示“……的人”。如reporter,waiter,interviewer,player,winner,farmer,learner,actor,visitor,collector,director,inventor等。

(4)后加­ant,表示“……的人”。如assistant,attendant,servant,merchant等。

(5)后加­ist,表示“……专家,从事……的人”。如tourist,violinist,pianist,artist,scientist等。

(6)后加­ian/­an,表示“有……特征的,专长于……的人”。如musician,historian,physician等。

(7)后加­ice表示“行为,性质,状态”。如notice,justice,service,choice等。

(8)后加­dom,表示“集体,领域,状态”。如freedom,kingdom,wisdom等。

此外,我们平时还要多注意总结、归纳和熟记各类词形变化的知识,这样才能在考试中得心应手。

Their unexpected________(arrive)threw our plan into confusion.

【解析】arrival 句意:他们的突然到来打乱了我们的计划。空格前有形容词性物主代词及形容词修饰,所以此处要用名词形式arrival。类似的变化还有survive—survival。

Are you simple enough to believe what that________(lie)tells you?

【解析】liar 句意:你会蠢到相信那骗子说的话吗?分析句子结构可知,这里要求用指人的名词作从句的主语。有两个特殊的名词后面接­ar表示人,分别是liar(骗子)和beggar(乞丐)。

Most female workers in Shanghai suffer from________(anxious)connected to the global financial crisis,according to a recent survey.

【解析】anxiety 句意:根据最近的一份调查,上海的大部分职业女性患有由全球经济危机引起的焦虑。介词后面应该用名词形式。

技法二 “牢记规则”,辨清名词的单复数

(1)如果空格处被all,these, several, many, some, a number of, one of, a handful of和数词等修饰时,要考虑用名词的复数形式;

(2)如果谓语动词是动词原形或are,were, 要考虑用名词的复数形式;

(3)在平时学习中要储备熟记单数变复数的规则,方能解决好此类问题。

[例4](2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several ________(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.

[分析] invitations invitation是可数名词,前面有several修饰,要用复数形式,故填invitations。

[例5](2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent __________(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.

[分析] studies“Recent”是形容词,修饰名词,“Recent _______”在句中作主语,根据谓语动词show可知,主语需要用复数形式。

技法三 分清可数与不可数,破解短文改错

看到information,advice, homework, progress, knowledge, furniture, luggage等,要想到它们是不可数名词,没有复数形式。

[例6] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ) Besides,they often get some useful informations from the Internet.

[分析] informations→information information是不可数名词,所以没有复数形式。

[例7] (2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we goon a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.

[分析] knowledges→knowledge knowledge意为“知识”,是不可数名词,没有复数形式。

Part 3 针对性练习

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界)as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side_______(effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.

2.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. Itran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible______(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.

3.(2017·浙江高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _________(carrot) and was about to throw them away.

4.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ______ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle­fed, the other is with mum — she never suspects.

5.(2016·四川高考)Any smell might attract natural _________(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.

6.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese________(painting).

7.(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the________(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.

Ⅱ.单句改错

1.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.

2.(2016·四川高考)Mom has a full­ time job, but she has to do most of the houseworks.

3.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.

4.(2015·四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.

5.(2015·浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass.

6.(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Since then — for all these year — we have been allowing tomatoes to self­seed where they please.

7.(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.

8.(2014·辽宁高考)We've called several time about Cleo's early morning barking.

9.(2014·四川高考)If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait for your teacher to lead you outside. Stay close to your teacher and classmate.

答案解析:

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.解析:effects 此处根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知,应用effect的复数形式。

2.解析:crowds 根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词,crowd表示“人群”,是可数名词,前面没有不定冠词a,所以用名词的复数形式。

3.解析:carrots 根据空格前面的“a handful of”可知,此处要用名词的复数形式。

4.解析:daysevery few days表示“每隔几天”,此处应该使用名词的复数形式days。

5.解析:enemies 句意:任何气味都可能引来天敌——它们会试图吃掉熊猫宝宝的。根据句意可知,此处的意思是“天敌”,为可数名词,前无冠词,故应使用复数形式enemies。

6.解析:paintingspainting意为“图片,图画”,是可数名词,由于前有“so many”修饰,故使用其复数形式。

7.解析:changes 空格前面是定冠词the,因此后面要用名词,本句中谓语部分为系动词are,说明主语应该是一个复数形式的名词,所以使用changes。

Ⅱ.单句改错

1.解析:year→years 此处指13~19 岁的年龄,故用名词复数形式。

2.解析:houseworks→houseworkhousework是不可数名词,没有复数形式。

3.解析:airs→air 由后面的定语从句“we breathe in”可知,此处先行词的意思是“空气”,air意为“空气”时为不可数名词。故airs改为air。

4.解析:friend→friends 名词friend为可数名词,其前有three修饰,需要用复数形式,故把friend改成friends。

5.解析:side→sides 前面有three修饰,故side要用复数形式sides。

6.解析:year→years 前面有these修饰,故应用复数形式years。

7.解析:第一个hour→hours 此处指一个半小时,所以用hour的复数形式。

8.解析:time→times 根据前面表示数量的词several可知,此处time意为“次数”,应用复数形式。

9.解析:classmate→classmates 根据语境可知,此处表示和你的老师和同学们待在一起。

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